The Joy of Writing: How Fountain Pens Enhance the Writing Experience

Writing is a beautiful form of expression that has been cherished throughout human history. And what better way to enhance this art than with a fountain pen? Fountain pens are not just writing instruments; they are an experience that brings joy and satisfaction to the writer. In this article, we will explore the world of fountain pens, discussing their history, beauty, how to choose the right one, taking care of them, ink options, writing techniques, personalization, and the joy of collecting. So, let's dive in and discover the joy of writing with fountain pens!

There is something magical about the way a fountain pen glides effortlessly across the page, leaving behind a trail of rich and saturated ink. Unlike ballpoint pens or rollerballs, fountain pens do not require much pressure to write, resulting in a smoother and more comfortable writing experience. With their elegant designs and wide range of nib types and sizes, fountain pens offer versatility and personalization that can cater to every individual's writing style. Whether you are a professional writer, a student, or simply someone who enjoys writing as a hobby, a fountain pen can elevate your writing experience to new heights.

But choosing the right fountain pen can be a daunting task, especially with so many options available in the market. Some factors to consider include your writing style, the materials and construction of the pen, and your budget. Taking care of your fountain pen is equally important to ensure its longevity and optimal performance. Regular cleaning and proper storage can prevent ink clogs and maintain the pen's functionality for years to come.

Inks play a crucial role in the fountain pen experience, offering a wide range of colors, properties, and characteristics. Traditional fountain pen inks are available in a myriad of shades, while specialty inks can provide unique effects like shimmer, shading, or sheen. Exploring different ink options can add a touch of creativity and personality to your writing.

Writing techniques with fountain pens require a bit of practice to master. Finding the perfect grip, controlling your pen pressure, and understanding proper ink flow are essential skills to achieve the best results. Embracing the slow writing movement can also enhance your writing experience, as it promotes mindfulness, creativity, and focus.

Fountain pens offer a world of personalization and customization options. Custom nib grinds can modify the writing characteristics of the pen, catering to your specific preferences. Some pens can even be modified to suit your unique needs, making the writing experience truly your own.

Finally, for those who appreciate the beauty and craftsmanship of fountain pens, collecting them can become a lifelong passion. Vintage and modern pens each have their own appeal, while limited edition and unique designs add a sense of exclusivity to any collection. The joy of owning and using different fountain pens can be a rewarding and fulfilling experience for enthusiasts.

Now that we have explored the different aspects of fountain pens, let's delve deeper into their fascinating history and discover how these timeless writing instruments came to be.

A Brief History of Fountain Pens

Fountain pens have a long and fascinating history that dates back centuries. Before the invention of the fountain pen, people used quills, reed pens, and dip pens to write. While these writing instruments served their purpose, they were not the most convenient or efficient tools for writing.

The precursor to the fountain pen can be traced back to the 10th century, when a pen with a built-in reservoir for ink was created. However, it wasn't until the 17th century that the concept of a self-contained fountain pen truly took shape.

In 1663, an inventor by the name of Samuel Pepys commissioned a pen that had a reservoir of ink held in a chamber. This reservoir could be filled by unscrewing the pen. This design allowed for a continuous flow of ink to the nib, eliminating the need to constantly dip the pen into an inkwell.

Fast forward to the 19th century, and the development of the fountain pen accelerated. In 1809, Peregrin Williamson patented a fountain pen with an ink chamber and a feeding system that controlled the flow of ink. This was a significant improvement over previous designs and paved the way for the modern fountain pen.

However, it was Lewis Waterman who revolutionized the fountain pen industry in the late 19th century. After experiencing a messy ink spill during a business transaction, Waterman set out to create a pen that would prevent such accidents. In 1884, he patented the first practical fountain pen with an air hole in the nib. This innovation allowed air to enter the pen, creating a steady ink flow and preventing leaks.

Since then, fountain pen designs have continued to evolve, with advancements in materials, construction, and ink technology. Today, fountain pens are sought after by writing enthusiasts and collectors alike for their timeless elegance and superior writing experience.

"The fountain pen is a humble tool that has transformed the act of writing into an art form." - Unknown

Next, let's explore the beauty and features that make fountain pens so special.

The Beauty of Fountain Pens

Fountain pens are not just ordinary writing instruments; they are a piece of art. The beauty of fountain pens lies in their elegant and timeless designs, the smooth and effortless writing experience they provide, and the variety of nib types and sizes to suit every writing style. Let's dive into the wonderful world of fountain pens and discover why they are such cherished tools for writing.

Elegant and Timeless Designs

One of the most alluring aspects of fountain pens is their aesthetic appeal. From sleek and minimalist designs to intricate patterns and motifs, fountain pens are crafted to be visually appealing. With their polished barrels, gleaming nibs, and luxurious materials like precious metals and exotic woods, fountain pens exude elegance and sophistication. Whether you choose a classic black design or a vibrant color palette, a fountain pen can be a reflection of your personal style and taste.

Smooth and Effortless Writing Experience

The writing experience with a fountain pen is unlike any other. The nib, which is the metal tip that touches the paper, glides effortlessly across the surface, creating a smooth and seamless flow of ink. This effortless movement makes writing a joy rather than a task, allowing your thoughts to flow freely onto the page. With a fountain pen, you won't experience the friction or resistance often found with ballpoint or rollerball pens. The consistent ink flow and the even distribution of ink on the paper result in crisp and clean lines, adding a touch of finesse to your handwriting.

Variety of Nib Types and Sizes

One of the unique features of fountain pens is the wide range of nib types and sizes available. The nib determines the thickness and style of your writing. Whether you prefer a fine nib for precise and controlled writing or a broader nib for bold and expressive strokes, there is a fountain pen nib for every preference. Additionally, nibs can also be customized for a unique writing experience. You can choose from different materials such as stainless steel, gold, or even titanium, each with its own characteristics and performance.

By choosing the right nib size and type, you can tailor your writing experience to match your style and needs. It's like having a personalized tool that caters to your specific writing preferences.

In summary, the beauty of fountain pens lies in their elegant designs, the smooth and effortless writing experience they offer, and the variety of nib types and sizes available. Whether you are a professional writer, a calligraphy enthusiast, or simply appreciate the art of writing, a fountain pen can elevate your writing experience to a whole new level. So why not indulge yourself in the world of fountain pens and discover the joy of writing?

Choosing the Right Fountain Pen

When it comes to choosing the right fountain pen, there are several factors to consider. Whether you're a seasoned collector or brand new to the world of fountain pens, finding the perfect pen for your needs and preferences is essential. Here are some key considerations to keep in mind:

Consider Your Writing Style

One of the first things to consider when choosing a fountain pen is your writing style. Do you have a heavy hand or a light touch? This will help determine the nib size that suits you best.

• Extra-Fine (EF): If you have a small handwriting or prefer a thinner line, an extra-fine nib would be ideal.
• Fine (F): A fine nib is versatile and suitable for most writing styles and purposes.
• Medium (M): The medium nib is a popular choice as it provides a balance between smoothness and line thickness.
• Broad (B): For those who prefer a bold and expressive style, a broad nib is the way to go.

Materials and Construction

The materials and construction of a fountain pen can greatly influence its performance and durability. Consider the following factors:

• Nib Material: Most nibs are made of stainless steel or gold. Gold nibs are known for their flexibility and smoothness, but they can also be more expensive. Stainless steel nibs, on the other hand, offer durability at a lower price point.
• Barrel and Grip Materials: Fountain pens come in various barrel and grip materials, including plastic, metal, and resin. Each material has its own unique feel and look, so it's essential to choose one that suits your personal preferences.
• Construction Quality: Look for pens that are well-constructed with solid craftsmanship. Pay attention to details such as the weight distribution, balance, and threading.

Budget and Value

Fountain pens can range in price from affordable options for beginners to high-end luxury pens. Before making a purchase, it's important to determine your budget and the value you expect in return. There are plenty of excellent fountain pens available at every price point. Remember that a higher price doesn't always equate to better performance or quality.

Here are some price categories of fountain pens:

• Entry-Level Pens: These pens are perfect for beginners or those on a tight budget. They typically offer good performance and quality at an affordable price.
• Mid-range Pens: Mid-range pens offer a step-up in quality and performance. They often feature better materials and construction compared to entry-level pens.
• Luxury and Collector Pens: If you're a fountain pen enthusiast or collector, you may be willing to invest in high-end pens with exquisite craftsmanship and limited-edition designs.

Ultimately, the right fountain pen is a personal choice that should reflect your individual preferences and budget. Take the time to try out different pens, test different nib sizes, and consider the overall feel and aesthetics of the pen.

"A good fountain pen should feel like an extension of your hand, allowing you to effortlessly glide across the page with each stroke."

Taking Care of Your Fountain Pen

Once you've chosen the perfect fountain pen, it's important to take proper care of it to ensure it continues to perform at its best. With the right cleaning and maintenance routine, you can keep your fountain pen in excellent condition for years to come. Here are some tips to help you take care of your fountain pen:

Cleaning and Maintenance

Cleaning your fountain pen regularly can prevent ink buildup and keep the ink flowing smoothly. Here's how you can clean your fountain pen effectively:

1. Flush the pen: Start by flushing out the old ink from your pen. Remove the ink cartridge or converter, and run warm water through the nib and feed until the water runs clear. You can also use a bulb syringe to flush out any stubborn ink residue.
2. Use a pen flush: For a deeper clean, you can use a pen flush solution. Pen flush helps remove stubborn ink stains and oils that may affect the pen's performance. Simply soak your pen in the pen flush solution for a few hours, then flush it with clean water.
3. Dry the pen: After cleaning, make sure to dry your fountain pen thoroughly. Use a soft cloth to remove any excess water, and let it air dry for a few hours.
4. Maintain the nib: It's important to properly maintain the nib of your fountain pen. Avoid touching the nib with your fingers as the oils from your skin can affect the ink flow. If you notice any ink buildup or clogging, use a soft cloth or a toothbrush to gently clean the nib and feed.

Proper Storage

Proper storage is essential for protecting your fountain pen when it's not in use. Here are some tips for storing your fountain pen:

1. Cap it securely: Always make sure to cap your fountain pen when you're not using it. This will prevent the ink from drying out and protect the nib from damage.
2. Store it upright: When storing your fountain pen, keep it upright or with the nib facing up. This helps prevent ink leakage and ensures that the ink is evenly distributed in the pen.
3. Avoid extreme temperatures: Avoid exposing your fountain pen to extreme temperatures, such as direct sunlight or freezing temperatures. Extreme heat can cause the ink to expand and leak, while cold temperatures can cause the ink to thicken or freeze.
4. Keep it away from moisture: Moisture can damage the barrel and the ink reservoir of your fountain pen. Avoid storing your pen in humid environments or near water sources.

By following these tips for cleaning, maintaining, and storing your fountain pen, you can prolong its lifespan and enjoy a smooth writing experience every time you use it. Taking care of your fountain pen is not only essential for its longevity but also for the quality of your writing. So, make it a habit to give your fountain pen some tender loving care!

Ink Options: Exploring the World of Fountain Pen Inks

When it comes to fountain pens, the world of ink options is a rabbit hole that many writing enthusiasts happily dive into. Fountain pen inks offer a wide range of colors, properties, and even scents, allowing writers to truly personalize their writing experience. Whether you're a professional writer, a student taking notes in class, or simply someone who enjoys putting pen to paper, exploring the world of fountain pen inks can be a delightful journey of discovery. Let's take a closer look at the different types of fountain pen inks available.

Traditional Fountain Pen Inks

Traditional fountain pen inks are the classics that have been around for centuries. These inks are made with water-soluble dyes, offering a smooth and consistent flow. They are available in a wide range of colors, from vibrant blues and reds to more subdued shades like browns and grays. Traditional fountain pen inks are suitable for everyday writing and are commonly used in business settings.

One of the advantages of traditional inks is their ease of use. They are compatible with most fountain pens and are relatively easy to clean. On the downside, they may take a few seconds longer to dry compared to other types of inks. However, this characteristic can also be seen as an advantage for those who enjoy watching the ink dry and appreciate the slower pace of writing with a fountain pen.

Specialty Inks

For those looking to add a touch of uniqueness and creativity to their writing, specialty inks offer a wide range of options. These inks come in various formulations and offer special features that can enhance the writing experience. Here are a few examples of specialty inks:

• Shimmering Inks: Shimmering inks contain tiny metallic particles that give a subtle sparkle to your writing. They are perfect for adding a touch of glamour and elegance to your correspondence or creative projects.
• Sheening Inks: Sheening inks produce a shiny and reflective appearance on specific types of paper. Depending on the ink color and the type of paper used, sheening inks can create stunning effects where the ink appears to change color when viewed from different angles.
• Scented Inks: Scented inks add an aromatic element to your writing. They come in a variety of scents, from floral and fruity to more unique options like coffee or leather. Scented inks can add an extra dimension to your writing experience, engaging multiple senses at once.
• Waterproof Inks: Waterproof inks are designed to resist water, making them ideal for important documents or for adding watercolor washes over your writing. They provide a permanent and smudge-free result, ensuring your words stay intact even if they come into contact with water.
• Iron Gall Inks: Iron gall inks have a long history and were commonly used during medieval times. They are made from a mixture of tannic acid derived from oak galls and iron salts. Iron gall inks are known for their permanence and unique aging properties, gradually developing a darker and richer color over time.

Exploring the world of fountain pen inks is a delightful adventure. From traditional inks that offer a timeless elegance to specialty inks that add a touch of creativity and uniqueness, the options are nearly endless. Whether you prefer classic blues, shimmering purples, or scented greens, fountain pen inks allow you to express your personality and style through your writing. So go ahead and dive into the world of fountain pen inks - you'll be amazed at the possibilities that await you on every page.

Writing Techniques for Fountain Pens

Writing with a fountain pen is a unique and enjoyable experience. It allows you to savor the act of putting pen to paper, and with the right techniques, you can make the most out of your fountain pen writing sessions. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced fountain pen user, here are some tips to help you perfect your writing technique:

Finding the Perfect Grip

Finding the right grip is crucial for achieving optimal control and comfort while writing with a fountain pen. Here are some tips to help you find your perfect grip:

• Hold the pen loosely: Unlike ballpoint pens, fountain pens do not require a firm grip. Hold the pen gently with your thumb and index finger, allowing the pen to glide across the paper effortlessly.

• Experiment with different positions: Try holding the pen higher up or closer to the nib to see which position feels most comfortable for you. Everyone's hand shape is different, so find the grip that suits you best.

• Relax your hand: Avoid applying too much pressure while writing. Let the weight of the pen do the work for you, allowing for a smooth and fluid writing experience.

Controlling Your Pen Pressure

Controlling the pressure you apply to the nib is another important aspect of writing with a fountain pen. Here's how you can achieve consistent and balanced pen pressure:

• Avoid pressing too hard: Fountain pens are designed to write with minimal pressure. Apply light pressure to the nib, allowing the ink to flow smoothly onto the paper. Pressing too hard can cause the ink to splatter or result in ink blobs.

• Experiment with different nib sizes: Nib sizes determine the thickness of the line produced while writing. Smaller nibs require less pressure, while larger nibs may require a slightly firmer touch. Find the nib size that suits your writing style and adjust your pen pressure accordingly.

Practicing Proper Ink Flow

Maintaining a consistent ink flow is essential to ensure a smooth and uninterrupted writing experience. Here's how you can ensure proper ink flow while using a fountain pen:

• Use high-quality fountain pen ink: Opt for fountain pen inks that have a good flow and lubrication, as this will help prevent clogging and ensure a consistent ink flow.

• Prime your pen before writing: If your pen has been idle for a while, give it a gentle shake or tap to encourage the ink to flow to the nib. This will prevent any dried ink or air bubbles from interrupting your writing.

• Clean your pen regularly: A pen that is free from ink residue and debris is less likely to have flow issues. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for cleaning and maintenance to keep your pen in top condition.

Remember, practice makes perfect! Don't be discouraged if your first attempts with a fountain pen aren't immediately flawless. With time and practice, you'll develop your own unique writing style and find the techniques that work best for you.

"The beauty of writing with a fountain pen lies in the connection between the writer, the pen, and the paper. It's a personal and intimate experience that can bring joy and fulfillment to your writing journey."

Embracing the Slow Writing Movement

In today's fast-paced world, where everything is just a click away and instant messaging has become the norm, there is a growing movement that advocates for slowing down and embracing a more mindful approach to writing. This is where fountain pens come in. Fountain pens are not just writing instruments, but tools that can help you connect with your words and thoughts on a deeper level. Here's why embracing the slow writing movement with a fountain pen can be a game changer:

The Art of Mindful Writing

Writing with a fountain pen requires a slower pace and a more deliberate approach compared to using a ballpoint pen or a keyboard. The act of filling the pen with ink and the smooth flow of the nib on paper forces you to be present in the moment and allows you to savor the experience. It's like taking a pause from the hustle and bustle of everyday life and immersing yourself in the simple pleasure of writing.

Enhancing Creativity and Focus

When you write with a fountain pen, you can't help but pay attention to the details. The subtle variations in ink flow, the different line thicknesses and shading that can be achieved with different nib sizes—all these nuances can spark creativity and invite exploration. With a fountain pen in hand, you may find yourself more engaged in the process of writing, allowing your thoughts to flow more freely and enabling you to tap into your creative potential.

"Slow down and enjoy the journey. Writing with a fountain pen is not just about putting words on paper, but about embracing the experience of writing." - Anonymous

Personalization and Customization

One of the wonderful aspects of using fountain pens is the ability to personalize and customize them according to your preferences. From selecting specific nib grinds to making modifications to the pen itself, the options for customization are endless. Personalizing your fountain pen not only adds a unique touch but also enhances the overall writing experience. Here are some ways to personalize and customize your fountain pen:

Custom Nib Grinds

The nib of a fountain pen plays a crucial role in determining the type of writing experience you'll have. It affects the line width, flow of ink, and overall feel of the pen on paper. Custom nib grinds allow you to modify the shape of the nib to suit your specific writing style and preferences. Some common custom nib grinds include:

• Italic Nibs: These nibs have a flat tip that produces a distinctive italic line variation when writing. They are perfect for calligraphy and adding a touch of elegance to your handwriting.
• Cursive Italic Nibs: Similar to italic nibs, but with a slightly rounded tip, cursive italic nibs offer a smoother writing experience while still providing the line variation.
• Stub Nibs: Stub nibs have a rounded tip and produce a broad line with line variation. They are ideal for adding flair to your writing and creating beautiful lettering.

Pen Modifications

In addition to custom nib grinds, you can also modify various aspects of your fountain pen to suit your preferences. These modifications can range from simple adjustments to more advanced changes. Here are some popular pen modifications:

• Ink Flow Adjustment: If you find that your pen's ink flow is too dry or too wet, you can tweak it by adjusting the feed or widening the ink channel. This customization ensures that the ink flows smoothly and consistently.
• Grip Customization: For those who prefer a specific grip style, you can modify the grip section of your fountain pen. You can add materials like silicone or grip tape to enhance the grip and make it more comfortable for long writing sessions.
• Body Customization: Some fountain pen enthusiasts take customization to the next level by modifying the pen's body. This can include adding custom materials, engraving, or even creating unique pen designs using 3D printing.

By personalizing and customizing your fountain pen, you not only create a writing instrument that is uniquely yours but also optimize it to meet your specific writing needs. It's like having a pen that is tailor-made just for you!

"Personalizing your fountain pen is like putting your own stamp on your writing experience. It adds a touch of personality and uniqueness that makes every word you write even more special."

The Joy of Collecting Fountain Pens

If you're a fan of writing and appreciate the beauty and craftsmanship of fine writing instruments, then collecting fountain pens might just be your new obsession. Fountain pens have a rich history and provide a unique writing experience that you won't find with other types of pens. In this article, we'll delve into the joy of collecting fountain pens and explore why they are a favorite among writing enthusiasts.

Vintage vs. Modern Pens

When it comes to collecting fountain pens, you have the option to choose between vintage and modern pens. Vintage pens often hold sentimental value and are sought after by collectors for their historical significance. These pens can be a true treasure hunt, as you discover hidden gems from renowned pen manufacturers of yesteryear. They may require restoration and maintenance, but the reward of owning a piece of history is worth it for many collectors.

On the other hand, modern fountain pens offer a range of innovative designs, materials, and features. Companies like Montblanc, Parker, and Lamy produce elegant pens that combine craftsmanship with modern technology. These pens often come with unique filling mechanisms, such as piston or cartridge converters, making them convenient and easy to use. Modern fountain pens are designed with precision and attention to detail, ensuring a flawless writing experience.

Limited Edition and Unique Designs

One of the most exciting aspects of collecting fountain pens is the ability to acquire limited edition and unique designs. Pen manufacturers often release special editions with intricate engravings, precious materials, or collaborations with artists and designers. Owning one of these pens is like having a piece of wearable art. Limited editions are highly sought after and can appreciate in value over time, making them not only a joy to use but also a sound investment.

Building a Collection

Collecting fountain pens can become an addictive hobby, and building a collection allows you to express your personality and personal taste. Some collectors focus on specific brands or models, while others prefer to collect pens from different time periods. The possibilities are endless, and you can curate a collection that reflects your individuality.

Displaying and Storing Your Pens

Once you start collecting fountain pens, you'll want to display and store them properly to protect your investment. There are various storage options available, from pen cases to display cabinets, that can showcase your pens while keeping them safe from dust and damage. Some collectors even dedicate a dedicated room or space to their collection, turning it into a personal writing oasis.

Connecting with a Community

Collecting fountain pens is not just a solitary pursuit. There is a vibrant and passionate community of pen enthusiasts who share a love for these exquisite writing instruments. Online forums and social media groups allow collectors to connect, share their finds, exchange tips, and even participate in pen-related events and conventions. Being part of this community can enhance your collecting journey and open doors to new discoveries.

The Value of a Collection

While collecting fountain pens is a source of joy and personal fulfillment, it's worth mentioning that some pens can appreciate in value over time. Limited edition pens, vintage models, and pens associated with famous designers can become highly sought after, increasing their market value. So, not only are you indulging in a passion, but you may also be making a sound financial investment.

In conclusion, collecting fountain pens is a journey of discovery, appreciation, and self-expression. Whether you choose vintage or modern pens, focus on limited editions, or simply enjoy the process of building a diverse collection, collecting fountain pens offers a unique and rewarding experience. So, embrace your love for writing and start your own collection of these timeless writing instruments.

Conclusion

In conclusion, fountain pens bring a unique and enjoyable experience to the act of writing. They offer more than just a tool for putting words on paper; they enhance the entire process and make it a joyous endeavor. From their rich history to their exquisite designs, smooth writing experience, and personalization options, fountain pens have a special place in the hearts of writing enthusiasts.

By choosing the right fountain pen and taking proper care of it, you can ensure that it lasts a lifetime and provides you with countless hours of writing pleasure. Investing in a quality fountain pen is not only a practical decision, but it also adds a touch of sophistication and elegance to your writing routine.

Furthermore, fountain pens allow you to connect with the art of writing on a deeper level. By embracing the slow writing movement and practicing mindful writing techniques, you can enhance your creativity, focus, and overall writing experience.

Whether you're a casual writer or an avid collector, fountain pens offer a world of possibilities. With their wide range of ink options, customization opportunities, and the thrill of collecting unique designs, there is always something new to discover and enjoy.

So, why not indulge yourself in the joy of writing with a fountain pen? Explore the beautiful designs, experiment with different nibs and inks, and let the elegance and craftsmanship enhance your writing journey. Experience the pleasure of gliding your pen across the page and savor the connection it brings between your thoughts and the written word.

Remember, writing is more than just a means of communication; it is an art form, an expression of oneself, and a way to leave a meaningful mark in the world. And with a fountain pen in hand, the joy of writing becomes even more enchanting. Happy writing!

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the difference between a fountain pen and a regular ballpoint pen?

   A fountain pen uses liquid ink and has a nib that allows for smooth and consistent ink flow, while a regular ballpoint pen uses oil-based ink and has a small rolling ball at the tip to dispense ink.

2. Why do fountain pens enhance the writing experience?

   Fountain pens offer a more comfortable and ergonomic grip, require less pressure to write, produce a smoother and more controlled writing style, and offer a unique and personal touch to your writing.

3. Are fountain pens suitable for everyday writing tasks?

   Yes, fountain pens can be used for everyday writing tasks. Many people find them enjoyable to use for various writing activities such as taking notes, journaling, and writing letters.

4. What are the benefits of using fountain pens compared to other types of pens?

   Some benefits of using fountain pens include improved handwriting, reduced hand fatigue, potential cost savings in the long run (as they are refillable), and the ability to use a wide range of ink colors and types.

5. Do fountain pens require special maintenance or care?

   Fountain pens do require some maintenance and care. It is important to clean the pen regularly, flush the ink out when changing colors, and store the pen properly by keeping it upright or using a pen case to prevent leaking.